White superiority in Flannery O’connor’s The Barber and The Artificial Nigger
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Abstract
This research analyzes two short stories created by Flannery O’Connor entitled “The Barber” and “The Artificial Nigger” which depict the ideology of white superiority by scrutinizing the context of the stories and discussing the homology between the texts and the contexts. Data were analyzed using qualitative methods, and the theory used was genetic structuralism by Lucien Goldmann. Primary data concerning white superiority were taken from both short stories. Secondary data about socio-cultural and historical facts of white superiority in America in the 1940s -1950s were taken from journal articles and books. The research results show similarities between literary works and socio-historical conditions in the year when the literary works were written. The author’s worldview shows that she wants to represent the ideology of white superiority that has oppressed the black race. Through these short stories, the author wants to illustrate how cruel and difficult it is to fight the ideology of white superiority.
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Aziz, M. F. A., Cahyawati, E., & Sampurna, H. (2024). White superiority in Flannery O’connor’s The Barber and The Artificial Nigger. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 7(2), 227-236. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v7i2.926
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Alexander, M. (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. The New Press.
Applebaum, B. (2008). White Privilege/White Complicity: Connecting “Benefiting From” to “Contributing To.” Philosophy of Education, 292–300. https://educationjournal.web.illinois.edu/archive/index.php/pes/article/view/1380.pdf
Bandini, G. S., & Suprihatin, C. T. (2020). Rejection of Communist Ideology in Liem Khing Hoo’s Merah (1937): An Examination via Genetic Structuralism. Pertanika: Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 28(1), 161–173. http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/resources/files/Pertanika PAPERS/JSSH Vol. 28 (1) Mar. 2020/10 JSSH(S)-0989-2019.pdf
Bayor, R. H. (1988). Roads to Racial Segregation. Journal of Urban History, 15(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/009614428801500101
Cahyawati, E. (2020). The Spirit of Freedom Against Dehumanization in Frederick Douglass’ The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. SEMIOTIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Sastra Dan Linguistik, 21(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.19184/semiotika.v21i1.15658
Darmapratiwi, K., & Pratiwi, D. P. E. (2024). Translation Strategies of Metaphor in The Ballad of Never After Novel by Stephanie Garber. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 7(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v7i1.797
Davis, K. B., Daniels, M., & Lee See, L. A. (1998). The Psychological Effects of Skin Color on African Americans’ Self-Esteem. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 1(2–3), 63–90. https://doi.org/10.1300/J137v01n02_05
DiAngelo, R. (2018). White Fragility: Why It’s So Hard for White People to Talk About Racism. Beacon Press.
Eagleton, T. (2003). Marxism and Literary Criticism. Taylor & Francis.
Equal Justice Initiative. (2017). Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror (3rd ed.). https://eji.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/lynching-in-america-3d-ed-080219.pdf
Goldmann, L. (1980). Essays on Method in the Sociology of Literature. Telos Press.
Kobis, D. C. (2019). A Comparative Study: Genetic Structuralism on Jane and The Great Gatsby. Jurnal Basis, 6(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.33884/basisupb.v6i1.1054
Manning, J. (2004). Racism in Three Dimensions: South African Architecture and the Ideology of White Superiority. Social Identities, 10(4), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350463042000258944
Meivitasari, Y., & Widyatwati, K. (2023). Bentuk Ketidakadilan Gender dan Perlawanan Tokoh Kinanti dalam Novel Layangan Putus (Kajian Feminisme Eksistensialisme Simone de Behaviour). Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 6(4), 1071–1080. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v6i4.798
Suseno, S., Neina, Q. A., & Zuliyanti, Z. (2023). Humanisme dalam Ekranisasi Dilan 1990. Journal of Literature and Education, 1(2), 65–74. Retrieved from https://jurnal.hiskikaltim.org/index.php/jle/article/view/16
Morel, L. E. (2005). Bound for Glory: The Gospel of Racial Reconciliation in Flannery O’Connor’s “The Artificial Nigger.” Perspectives on Political Science, 34(4), 202–210. https://doi.org/10.3200/PPSC.34.4.202-210
O’Connor, F. (1971a). The Artificial Nigger. In R. Giroux (Ed.), The Complete Stories (pp. 259–279). Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
O’Connor, F. (1971b). The Barber. In R. Giroux (Ed.), The Complete Stories (pp. 28–38). Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
Porter, J. R., & Washington, R. E. (1979). Black Identity and Self-Esteem: A Review of Studies of Black Self-Concept, 1968-1978. Annual Review of Sociology, 5, 53–74. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2945947
Rahman, J. (2012). The N Word: Its History and Use in the African American Community. Journal of English Linguistics, 40(2), 137–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424211414807
Spitzer, S. (2009). Nixon’s Northern Strategy: Welfare Reform and Race after the Great Society. APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper, 1–37. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1449936
Thakholi, L., & Koot, S. (2023). Black Belonging, White Belonging: Primitive Accumulation in South Africa’s Private Nature Reserves. Antipode, 55(3), 935–957. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12913
Thomas, D. S. P., & Arday, J. (Eds.). (2021). Doing Equity and Diversity for Success in Higher Education: Redressing Structural Inequalities in the Academy. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65668-3
Wibawani, S., & Rohman, S. (2023). Karakteristik Kebahasaan Perempuan dalam Film Pendek Capciptop: Sebuah Kajian Atomisme Logis. Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 6(4), 1039–1054. https://doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v6i4.752